The cat has increased creatinine and total protein

Total protein

Total protein is an organic polymer made up of amino acids.
The term “total protein” refers to the total concentration of albumin and globulins found in the blood serum. In the body, common protein performs the following functions: participates in blood clotting, maintains a constant blood pH, carries out a transport function, participates in immune reactions and many other functions.

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Norms of total protein in the blood in cats and dogs: 60.0-80.0 g/l

a) acute and chronic infectious diseases,

b) oncological diseases,

c) dehydration of the body.

a) pancreatitis

b) liver diseases (cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver cancer, toxic liver damage)

c) intestinal disease (gastroenterocolitis), dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract

d) acute and chronic bleeding

e) kidney disease, accompanied by significant loss of protein in the urine (glomerulonephritis, etc.)

f) decreased protein synthesis in the liver (hepatitis, cirrhosis)

g) increased protein losses due to blood loss, extensive burns, injuries, tumors, ascites, chronic and acute inflammation

h) cancer.

i) during fasting, intense physical exertion.

How to treat chronic failure

There is still another way to try to cure the acute form of PN. But most often, chronic renal failure occurs in cats. Unfortunately, this disease is incurable. An animal with such a pathology will most likely have to be given special food and medications for the rest of its life. There are no specific treatment regimens for this disease. In this case, the approach to each animal must be individual.

Treatment of animals with chronic renal failure is symptomatic. For anemia, for example, Erythropoietin can be administered to a cat; for acidosis, sodium bicarbonate is used, etc. In case of intoxication, medications are usually administered to pets through a dropper.

If a cat’s blood creatinine is elevated and he is diagnosed with PN, the owner will definitely have to keep the pet on a special diet prescribed to his pet by a veterinarian. Usually, in case of kidney failure, doctors recommend that the owner of a four-legged pet buy ready-made professional food for him, specially designed for animals with this disease.

When is this test prescribed?

There are several conditions in which LDH levels need to be monitored:

• For diseases of the hepatobiliary system.
• After myocardial infarction.
• When identifying various tumors.
• If it is necessary to determine the type of anemia.
• For diseases with increased hemolysis.
• For sharp pain in the chest area.
• If there is damage to the liver or kidneys.
• To examine tissues and muscles after injury or illness.

Albumen

Albumin is the main blood protein produced in the liver of an animal. Albumin is classified into a separate group of proteins - the so-called protein fractions. Changes in the ratio of individual protein fractions in the blood often provide the doctor with more significant information than just total protein.

Albumin is 45.0-67.0% in the blood of cats and dogs.

1. An increase in albumin in the blood occurs with dehydration, loss of fluid from the body,

a) chronic liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver tumors)

b) intestinal diseases

c) sepsis, infectious diseases, purulent processes

d) burns

e) injuries

f) malignant tumors

g) heart failure

h) drug overdose

i) occurs as a result of starvation, insufficient intake of proteins from food.

Diagnosis of diseases: what should be considered?

The reasons for increased creatinine in the blood of cats can be different. But the level of this substance in an animal’s body can be affected by the following factors:

• obesity;
• severe deficiency of energy substances in the body;
• diet low in calorie foods;
• deviations in weight for this particular breed;
• extreme marks of the animal's age.

When diagnosing a cat’s health condition and determining its creatinine level, all these factors must be taken into account.

Influence of factors on the result of the analysis

If your doctor suspects that you have elevated lactate dehydrogenase, only a test can refute or confirm this.

A blood test for LDH is taken in the morning on an empty stomach. Blood is drawn from a vein. No special nutrition is required before going to the treatment room. You just need to know that there are factors that can distort the result. What may affect the accuracy of the analysis result:

1. Taking vitamin C may lower LDH levels in the blood.
2. The use of electropulse therapy on the eve of the test.
3. Skin problems.
4. Blood alcohol content.
5. Thrombocytosis.
6. Use of hemodialysis.
7. Some medications, such as Aspirin, Mithramycin, anesthetics, and fluorides can increase enzyme levels.
8. Excessive physical activity.

These factors can affect the result, but this does not mean that there are pathological processes in the body.

Before you find out the enzyme content in your blood, you need to consult with your doctor which medications should be stopped before going to the laboratory.

It is very important to properly transport and store the collected blood, since failure to comply with the rules can lead to hemolysis of the blood, and as a result, increased lactate dehydrogenase.

Alpha globulins are normal 10.0-12.0%

Betta globulins 8.0-10.0%

Gamma globulins 15.0-17.0%

• Alpha globulins: 1. Increasing the fraction - during inflammatory processes (parasitic diseases, mycosis, dysbacteriosis). 2. Decrease in fraction – hypofunction of the thyroid gland, pancreatitis.

• Betta globulins: 1.Increasing the fraction - for hepatitis, cirrhosis and other liver damage.

• Gamma globulins: 1.Increasing the fraction in cirrhosis, hepatitis, infectious diseases.

2. Decrease in fraction - 14 days after vaccination, in case of kidney disease, in immunodeficiency states.

1. Type of acute inflammatory processes

A marked decrease in albumin content and an increased content of alpha globulins, an increase in gamma globulins.

It is observed in the initial stage of pneumonia, pleurisy, acute polyarthritis, acute infectious diseases and sepsis.

2. Type of subacute and chronic inflammation

Decrease in albumin content, increase in alpha and gamma globulins

Observed in late stages of pneumonia, chronic endocarditis, cholecystitis, urocystitis, pyelonephritis

3. Type of nephrotic symptom complex

Decrease in albumin, increase in alpha and beta globulins, moderate decrease in gamma globulins.

Lipoid and amyloid nephrosis, nephritis, nephrosclerosis, cachexia.

4. Type of malignant neoplasms

A sharp decrease in albumin with a significant increase in all globulin fractions, especially beta globulins.

Primary neoplasms of various localizations, metastases of neoplasms.

5. Type of hepatitis

Moderate decrease in albumin, increase in gamma globulins, sharp increase in beta globulins.

For hepatitis, the consequences of toxic liver damage (improper feeding, improper use of medications), some forms of polyarthritis, dermatoses, malignant neoplasms of the hematopoietic and lymphoid apparatus.

6. Type of cirrhosis

Significant decrease in albumin with a strong increase in gamma globulins

7. Type of mechanical (subhepatic) jaundice

A decrease in albumin and a moderate increase in alpha, beta and gamma albumin.

Obstructive jaundice, cancer of the biliary tract and head of the pancreas.

LDH in children

• General (clinical) blood test
• Blood chemistry

General (clinical) blood test

Blood chemistry

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Lactate dehydrogenase levels change with age. The older a person gets, the lower they are. So, the concentration of LDH is:

• Newborns – up to 28.9 µkat/l.
• From 1 year to 3 years – up to 14.2 µkat/l.
• In boys from 7 years to 12 years – up to 12.7 µkat/l.
• Girls from 7 years to 12 years – up to 9.67 µkat/l.
• Men – up to 11.4 µkat/l.
• Women – up to 7.27 µkat/l.

LDH levels may be higher or lower than normal.

When it comes to children, the age of the child should be taken into account. LDH levels are higher in children. Also, before going to the doctor, it is necessary to monitor what medications the child is taking and monitor his physical activity. If lactate dehydrogenase is elevated in a child, the reasons may be due to one of the pathologies described above.

If the first result is higher than normal, it is necessary to retake the analysis to ensure its accuracy. If, however, lactate dehydrogenase is elevated in a child, then a full examination is necessary. This indicator alone does not give the right to make a final diagnosis and prescribe treatment.

Main indicators of blood tests and their characteristics

Each indicator is responsible for one or another degree of health/illness in the cat’s body, and also shows the functioning of individual organs or entire systems. Not only does each data matter individually, but also in relation to each other.

General (clinical) blood test

• Hematocrit is a conditional indicator showing the ratio of all formed elements of blood to its total volume. Another name is the hematocrit number and often the ratio of not all blood cells, but only red blood cells, is determined. In other words, this is the thickness of the blood. Shows how much blood can carry oxygen.
• Hemoglobin is the content of red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body and removing waste carbon dioxide. Deviation from the norm is always a sign of one or another pathology in the circulatory system.
• The average concentration of hemoglobin in a red blood cell shows in percentage terms how much the red blood cells are saturated with hemoglobin.
• The average hemoglobin content in an erythrocyte has approximately the same value as the previous indicator, only the result is indicated by the specific amount of it in each erythrocyte, and not by the general percentage.
• The color (color) blood index shows how much hemoglobin is contained in red blood cells in relation to the normal value.
• ESR is an indicator by which traces of the inflammatory process are determined. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate does not indicate a specific disease, but indicates the presence of disorders. In which specific organ or system can be determined in conjunction with other indicators.
• Erythrocytes are red blood cells that take part in tissue gas exchange and maintaining acid-base balance. It’s bad when test results go beyond the norm, not only in the direction of decrease, but also of increase.
• Leukocytes - or white blood cells that indicate the state of the animal's immune system. Includes lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, basophils and eosinophils. The relationship between all these cells among themselves is of diagnostic importance: neutrophils - responsible for destroying bacterial infections in the blood;
• lymphocytes – a general indicator of immunity;
• monocytes - are engaged in the destruction of foreign substances that enter the blood and threaten health;
• eosinophils - stand guard in the fight against allergens;
• basophils - “work” in tandem with other leukocytes, helping to recognize and identify foreign particles in the blood.

• Platelets are blood cells responsible for blood clotting. They are also responsible for the integrity of blood vessels. Both the growth of this indicator and its decrease are important.
• Myelocytes are considered a type of leukocyte, but they are a somewhat separate indicator, because are located in the bone marrow and should not normally be detected in the blood.

Blood chemistry

• Glucose is considered a very informative indicator, because indicates the functioning of a complex enzymatic system in the body, including individual organs. The glucose cycle involves 8 different hormones and 4 complex enzymatic processes. Pathology is considered to be both an increase in a cat’s blood sugar level and a decrease in it.
• Total protein in the blood reflects the correct amino acid (protein) metabolism in the body. Shows the total amount of all protein components - globulins and albumins. All proteins take part in almost all vital processes of the body, so both their quantitative increase and decrease are important.
• Albumin is the most important blood protein produced by the liver. Performs a lot of vital functions in the cat’s body, therefore it is always determined by an indicator separate from the total protein (transfer of useful substances, preservation of reserve reserves of amino acids for the body, preservation of osmotic pressure of the blood, etc.).
• Cholesterol is one of the structural components of cells, ensuring their strength, and is also involved in the synthesis of many vital hormones. It can also be used to judge the nature of lipid metabolism in a cat’s body.
• Bilirubin is a bile component consisting of two forms - indirect and direct. Indirect is formed from erythrocyte breakdown, and bound (direct) is converted in the liver from indirect. Directly shows the functioning of the hepabiliary system (biliary and hepatic). Refers to “color” indicators, because when it is exceeded in the body, the tissues turn yellow (a sign of jaundice).
• Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, ALaT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST, ACaT) are enzymes produced by liver cells, skeletal muscles, heart cells and red blood cells. It is a direct indicator of the functions of these organs or departments.
• Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme that is involved in the final step in the breakdown of glucose. Determined to monitor the functioning of the liver and cardiac systems, as well as the risk of tumor formation.
• ɤ-glutamyltransferase (Gamma-GT) – in combination with other liver enzymes, provides insight into the functioning of the hepabilary system, pancreas and thyroid glands.
• Alkaline phosphatase is determined to monitor liver function.
• ɑ-Amylase – produced by the pancreas and parotid salivary gland. Their work is judged by its level, but always in conjunction with other indicators.
• Urea is the result of protein processing, which is excreted by the kidneys. Some remains circulating in the blood. Using this indicator, you can check your kidney function.
• Creatinine is a muscle byproduct excreted from the body by the renal system. The level fluctuates depending on the condition of the urinary excretory system.
• Potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium are always assessed in complex and in relation to each other.
• Calcium is involved in the conduction of nerve impulses, especially through the heart muscle. By its level, you can determine problems in the functioning of the heart, muscle contractility and blood clotting.
• Creatine phosphokinase is an enzyme that is found in large quantities in the skeletal muscle group. By its presence in the blood, one can judge the work of the heart muscle, as well as internal muscle injuries.
• Triglycerides in the blood characterize the functioning of the cardiovascular system, as well as energy metabolism. Usually analyzed in conjunction with cholesterol levels.
• Electrolytes are responsible for membrane electrical properties. Thanks to the electrical potential difference, cells pick up and execute commands from the brain. In pathologies, cells are literally “thrown out” from the nerve impulse conduction system.

ALT

ALT (ALT) or alanine aminotransferase is a liver enzyme that is involved in the metabolism of amino acids. ALT is found in the liver, kidneys, heart muscle, and skeletal muscles.

When the cells of these organs are destroyed, caused by various pathological processes, ALT is released into the blood of the animal's body. ALT norm in the blood of cats and dogs: 1.6-7.6 IU

a) toxic liver damage

b) cirrhosis of the liver

c) liver tumor

d) toxic effect on the liver of drugs (antibiotics, etc.)

e) heart failure

f) pancreatitis

g) shock

h) burns

i) trauma and necrosis of skeletal muscles

a) severe liver diseases - necrosis, cirrhosis (with a decrease in the number of cells synthesizing ALT)

b) vitamin B6 deficiency.

What to do if the content is high

The level of creatinine in the blood of cats is determined, of course, only in a veterinary clinic. In accordance with the results obtained, the doctor gives the animal owner all the necessary recommendations and, if necessary, prescribes additional tests. It is necessary to do research on the percentage of urea in the blood if a cat has high creatinine. Kidney failure is a very serious disease. And, of course, it is not worth leaving an animal without medical care in the presence of such a pathology.

Elevated lactate dehydrogenase - causes

Increased rates are observed in pregnant women and with excessive physical activity.

If, as a result of the analysis, lactate dehydrogenase is elevated. The reasons for this are the development of the following conditions:

• Myocardial infarction.
• Viral liver diseases.
• Cirrhosis of the liver.
• Oncology.
• Acute pancreatitis.
• Pathological kidney diseases.
• Anemia.
• Leukemia.
• Conditions in which extensive cell breakdown occurs: shock, severe hypoxia, large-area burns.
• Extensive injuries.
• Diseases of the muscular system.

However, not only this analysis confirms the presence of pathology in the body. Further examination is necessary. By studying the activity of isoenzymes, a specialist will be able to determine the location of the disease.

The main reason for elevated LDH levels in cats is disruption of the functioning and vital activity of tissue cells in the body. In turn, there can be many reasons for the malfunction of cells. The main factors for increasing LDH include:

1. Destruction of heart muscle tissue. This clinical picture can be observed with myocardial infarction, myocarditis or other diseases of the cat’s heart. An increase in the enzyme in cardiac myocardium is often accompanied by pronounced symptoms. Due to the pain syndrome, the cat may be overly excited, and there may also be disturbances in coordination of movements and pale mucous membranes.
2. Impaired functioning of brain and spinal cord cells. Often, an increase in LDH is associated with inflammation of the cat's spinal cord and brain. The list of such diseases includes encephalitis and encephalomyelitis. These diseases may be accompanied by convulsions, paralysis, tremors and other neurological disorders.
3. Pathological processes in lung tissues. Reasons for exceeding the level of the enzyme in question include pneumonia. The causes of the disease may be a decrease in the cat's immunity, sudden hypothermia, a cold, frequent bathing or eating cold meat or fish. The main symptoms of the disease include elevated body temperature, passive behavior, cough, lack of appetite and difficulty breathing.
4. Malignant tumors. Cancer in cats is quite common. Malignant tumors can form in various organs of the pet. Primary symptoms include poor appetite, lethargy, weight loss, and diarrhea with vomiting. Secondary signs include the formation of compactions, purulent and bloody discharge, discoloration of the mucous membranes, as well as blood in the cat’s feces and urine.
5. Infectious peritonitis. This is one of the most serious diseases for felines. The causative agents of the disease are coronaviruses. In infectious peritonitis, the symptoms are mild. For this reason, only general signs of pathology can be identified: passivity, loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, disturbances in the gastrointestinal tract.
6. Nephritis. The list of reasons for increased LDH includes inflammation of the kidney tissue, that is, chronic and acute nephritis. A cat with this disease has a pungent ammonia odor from the mouth, vomiting, constant diarrhea and anemia.
7. Muscular dystrophy and damage to skeletal muscles. Muscular dystrophy is more common in short-haired cats with a hereditary predisposition to this disease. The disease is characterized by weakness, a bouncing gait and stiffness of movement. Other damage to skeletal muscles is usually a consequence of trauma.
8. Damage to liver cells. Diseases that cause increased levels of LDH in the blood also include liver cirrhosis and hepatitis. The main signs of liver disease in a cat are vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, and changes in the color of urine and feces.

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It should also be taken into account that indicators of LDH content in the blood may be distorted due to improper blood sampling or violation of storage standards for biological material.

Symptoms

When the level of creatinine in the blood increases to 200 µmol/liter, the animal’s behavior most likely will not change in any way. The cat’s condition will begin to deteriorate after this indicator reaches 300 µmol/liter. If creatinine is elevated, the cat may experience the following symptoms:

• lethargy and weakness;
• diarrhea and vomiting;
• pallor of mucous membranes;
• stopping urination or reducing the volume of urine produced;
• decreased appetite.

A cat with high creatinine levels usually has an unpleasant smell of urine from his or her mouth.

The level of this substance in the blood of animals can be determined not only in micromol/liter. Sometimes it happens, for example, that owners are interested in whether a cat has a chance with a creatinine of up to 1500 mg/dl. This level corresponds to 250-300 µmol/liter. Since creatinine is not a very accurate indicator, it is still premature to talk about the development of PN in this case. The cat's blood should first be checked for urea content. Perhaps this indicator is associated with dehydration or liver pathology.

The prognosis for a cat with a creatinine of 1200 mg/dL may also not be too bad. This level indicates a relatively insignificant increase in this substance in the body. But it is imperative to diagnose renal failure in this case as well.

Alkaline phosphatase

Alkaline phosphatase is involved in the metabolism of phosphoric acid, breaking it down from organic compounds and promotes the transport of phosphorus in the body. The highest levels of alkaline phosphatase are in bone tissue, intestinal mucosa, placenta and mammary gland during lactation.

The normal level of alkaline phosphatase in the blood of dogs and cats is 8.0-28.0 MEL. Alkaline phosphatase affects bone growth, so its content is higher in growing organisms than in adults.

1. Increased alkaline phosphatase in the blood can be caused by

a) bone disease, including bone tumors (sarcoma), cancer metastases to bone

b) hyperparathyroidism

c) lymphogranulomatosis with bone lesions

d) osteodystrophy

e) liver diseases (cirrhosis, cancer, infectious hepatitis)

f) tumors of the biliary tract

g) lung infarction, kidney infarction.

h) lack of calcium and phosphates in food, from an overdose of vitamin C and as a result of taking certain medications.

2.Decreased alkaline phosphatase level

a) with hypothyroidism,

b) bone growth disorders,

c) lack of zinc, magnesium, vitamin B12 or C in food,

d) anemia (anemia).

e) taking medications can also cause a decrease in alkaline phosphatase in the blood.

Pancreatic amylase

Pancreatic amylase is an enzyme involved in the breakdown of starch and other carbohydrates in the lumen of the duodenum.

Pancreatic amylase norms are 35.0-70.0 G hour * l

a) acute, chronic pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)

b) pancreatic cyst,

c) tumor in the pancreatic duct

d) acute peritonitis

e) diseases of the biliary tract (cholecystitis)

f) renal failure.

2. A decrease in amylase content can occur with pancreatic insufficiency, acute and chronic hepatitis.

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a yellow-red pigment, a breakdown product of hemoglobin and some other blood components. Bilirubin is found in bile. Bilirubin analysis shows how the animal's liver works. Bilirubin is found in blood serum in the following forms: direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin. Together, these forms form total blood bilirubin.

Norms of total bilirubin: 0.02-0.4 mg%

a) lack of vitamin B 12

b) liver tumors

c) hepatitis

d) primary cirrhosis of the liver

e) toxic, drug-induced liver poisoning

Calcium

Calcium (Ca, Calcium) is an inorganic element in the animal body.

• calcium supports normal heart rhythm, like magnesium, calcium contributes to the health of the cardiovascular system in general,

• participates in iron metabolism in the body, regulates enzyme activity,

• promotes normal functioning of the nervous system, transmission of nerve impulses,

• phosphorus and calcium in balance make bones strong,

• participates in blood clotting, regulates the permeability of cell membranes,

• normalizes the functioning of some endocrine glands,

• participates in muscle contraction.

The normal level of calcium in the blood of dogs and cats: 9.5-12.0 mg%

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Calcium enters the animal’s body with food; calcium absorption occurs in the intestines and metabolism in the bones. Calcium is removed from the body by the kidneys. The balance of these processes ensures a constant calcium content in the blood.

The excretion and absorption of calcium is controlled by hormones (parathyroid hormone, etc.) and calcitriol - vitamin D3. In order for calcium absorption to occur, the body must have enough vitamin D.

a) increased function of the parathyroid glands (primary hyperparathyroidism)

b) malignant tumors affecting bones (metastases, myeloma, leukemia)

c) excess vitamin D

d) dehydration

e) acute renal failure.

a) rickets (vitamin D deficiency)

b) osteodystrophy

c) decreased thyroid function

d) chronic renal failure

e) magnesium deficiency

f) pancreatitis

g) obstructive jaundice, liver failure

cachexia.

A lack of calcium can also be associated with the use of medications - antitumor and anticonvulsants.

Calcium deficiency in the body is manifested by muscle cramps and nervousness.

The value of LDH isoenzyme indicators

If we take a closer look at the increase in lactate dehydrogenase of a certain type, we can determine the foci of a possible developing pathology.

An increase in LDH-1 or the LDH-1/LDH-2 ratio is possible in the following conditions:

• Acute heart attack.
• Hemolytic megaloblastic anemia.
• Acute kidney necrosis.
• In the presence of tumors of the male and female genital area.

An increase in LDH-5 is typical for:

• Liver diseases.
• Cancer.
• Injury to skeletal muscles.

An increase in LDH-2 and LDH-3 is usually observed with:

• Acute leukemia.
• Chronic granulocytosis.

An increase in LDH-3, possibly partially LDH-4 and LDH-5 most often occurs if there are:

• Kidney diseases.
• Pulmonary embolism.
• Heart failure developing with involvement of lung tissue.

An increase in LDH-4 LDH-5 is detected if:

• Poor circulation due to weak heart function.
• Liver damage.
• Muscle injuries.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus (P) – necessary for the normal functioning of the central nervous system.

Phosphorus compounds are present in every cell of the body and are involved in almost all physiological chemical reactions. The norm in the body of dogs and cats is 6.0-7.0 mg%.

Phosphorus is part of nucleic acids that take part in the processes of growth, cell division, storage and use of genetic information,

phosphorus is contained in the bones of the skeleton (about 85% of the total amount of phosphorus in the body), it is necessary for the formation of the normal structure of teeth and gums, ensures the proper functioning of the heart and kidneys,

participates in the processes of accumulation and release of energy in cells,

participates in the transmission of nerve impulses, helps the metabolism of fats and starches.

The phosphorus content in the body is regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and vitamin D.

a) destruction of bone tissue (tumors, leukemia)

b) excess vitamin D

c) healing of bone fractures

d) decreased function of the parathyroid glands (hypoparathyroidism)

e) acute and chronic renal failure

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f) osteodystrophy

g) acidosis

h) cirrhosis.

Phosphorus is usually higher than normal due to the use of anticancer drugs, which releases phosphates into the blood.

2. The lack of phosphorus must be regularly replenished by eating foods containing phosphorus.

a) lack of growth hormone

b) vitamin D deficiency (rickets)

c) periodontal disease

d) impaired absorption of phosphorus, severe diarrhea, vomiting

e) hypercalcemia

f) increased function of the parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism)

g) hyperinsulinemia (in the treatment of diabetes mellitus).

Blood tests in cats (transcript)

All deviations in indicators are considered in complex and in relation to one data to another within the same results from the study of one blood sample. Only a specialist should decipher blood tests (results).

General (clinical) blood test

Blood chemistry

Both clinical and biochemical blood tests are of great clinical importance for correct diagnosis and identification of hidden internal pathologies.

Author:

Grinchuk Ekaterina Andreevna veterinarian

Treatment of diseases and changes in LDH

If lactate dehydrogenase is elevated, treatment of the disease can gradually bring this indicator back to normal.

1. In acute renal exacerbations, LDH is elevated, but in the chronic course of the disease it remains normal. Increases after hemodialysis.
2. In liver cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis, LDH levels are normal; during exacerbation of the disease, the values ​​increase.
3. In case of anemia, LDH is used for differential diagnosis.
4. During a heart attack, LDH rises, and after 10-14 days it returns to normal. Monitoring this enzyme allows the doctor to analyze the progress of treatment.

   

If lactate dehydrogenase is elevated at the onset of the disease, then with successful treatment of anemia, leukemia, and tumor diseases, LDH activity decreases.

Here is a not entirely simple analysis that most of us are not even aware of. And he, it turns out, can tell the attending physician a lot.

How to lower blood creatinine levels

This indicator is usually brought back to normal with the help of medications. For example, a veterinarian may prescribe treatment using Hofitol if a cat has high creatinine. The drug is human and is sold in regular pharmacies. Most often, these tablets are given to animals 2 times a day, half of them. But, of course, only the veterinarian should prescribe the medicine and choose the dosage.

In case of chronic renal failure, the animal can only be treated symptomatically. The answer to the question of how to lower creatinine in a cat is provided by various types of medications. They are usually prescribed by a veterinarian in combination with other medications that can improve the condition of a pet and prolong its life.

Glucose

Glucose is the main indicator of carbohydrate metabolism. More than half of the energy our body expends comes from the oxidation of glucose.

The concentration of glucose in the blood is regulated by the hormone insulin, which is the main hormone of the pancreas. With its deficiency, the level of glucose in the blood increases.

The glucose norm in animals is 4.2-9.0 mmol/l

a) diabetes mellitus

b) endocrine disorders

c) acute and chronic pancreatitis

d) pancreatic tumors

e) chronic liver and kidney diseases

f) cerebral hemorrhage

a) diseases of the pancreas (hyperplasia, adenoma or cancer)

hypothyroidism,

b) liver diseases (cirrhosis, hepatitis, cancer),

c) adrenal cancer, stomach cancer,

d) arsenic poisoning or overdose of certain medications.

A glucose test will show a decrease or increase in glucose levels after exercise.

Potassium

Potassium is found in cells, regulates water balance in the body and normalizes heart rhythm. Potassium affects the functioning of many cells in the body, especially nerve and muscle cells.

a) cell damage (hemolysis - destruction of blood cells, severe starvation, convulsions, severe injuries, deep burns),

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b) dehydration,

c) shock,

d) acidosis,

e) acute renal failure,

f) adrenal insufficiency,

g) increasing the intake of potassium salts.

Typically, potassium is elevated due to taking antitumor, anti-inflammatory drugs and some other medications.

a) hypoglycemia

b) dropsy

c) chronic starvation

d) prolonged vomiting and diarrhea

e) renal dysfunction, acidosis, renal failure

f) excess of adrenal hormones

g) magnesium deficiency.

Treatment of acute failure

In this case, therapy is usually aimed at correcting electrolyte balance and acid-base disorders. The most common cause of acute renal failure is animal poisoning. Of course, in this case, measures are taken to remove toxins from the pet’s body.

Quite often, in cases of acute renal failure, veterinarians perform a procedure such as dialysis on cats. In this case, the animal's abdominal cavity is cut and a tube containing a special liquid is inserted into it. During the time it is in the cat’s body, toxins from its body pass into this solution. This procedure is prescribed only to animals with serious electrolyte imbalances in the body.

Urea

Urea is an active substance, the main breakdown product of proteins. Urea is produced by the liver from ammonia and is involved in the process of concentrating urine.

During the synthesis of urea, ammonia, a very toxic substance for the body, is neutralized. Urea is excreted from the body by the kidneys. The normal level of urea in the blood of cats and dogs is 30.0-45.0 mg%

a) kidney diseases (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, polycystic kidney disease),

b) heart failure,

c) obstruction of urine outflow (bladder tumor, prostate adenoma, bladder stones),

d) leukemia, malignant tumors,

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e) severe bleeding,

f) intestinal obstruction,

g) shock, fever,

h) burns.

An increase in urea occurs after physical activity, due to the intake of androgens and glucocorticoids.

2. Analysis of urea in the blood will show a decrease in urea levels in liver disorders such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatic coma. A decrease in urea in the blood occurs during pregnancy, phosphorus or arsenic poisoning.

Urea indicators

As already mentioned, if a cat’s creatinine is elevated and kidney failure is suspected, doctors often conduct additional laboratory tests. Urea levels for cats are considered normal at 6-12 mmol/liter. If its content is increased, the animal will experience, among other things, the following symptoms:

• lethargy and weakness;
• unsteadiness of gait;
• ammonia odor from the mouth;
• mouth ulcers;
• weight loss;
• refusal of food.

Creatinine

Creatinine is the end product of protein metabolism. Creatinine is formed in the liver and then released into the blood, participating in the energy metabolism of muscle and other tissues. Creatinine is excreted from the body by the kidneys in the urine, so creatinine is an important indicator of kidney activity.

The normal creatinine content in the blood of dogs and cats is 70.0-160.0 µmol/l

1. Increased creatinine is a symptom of acute and chronic renal failure, hyperthyroidism. Creatinine levels increase after taking certain medications, during dehydration, and after mechanical or surgical muscle damage.

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2. A decrease in creatinine in the blood, which occurs during fasting, decreased muscle mass, during pregnancy, after taking corticosteroids.

Content standards

This substance is formed in the animal’s body from the protein creatine, which is a source of energy and nutrition for skeletal muscles. The normal level of its content in the blood can fluctuate depending on the weight of the cat and the speed of metabolic processes occurring in its body. In young and active animals this indicator is usually higher than in old ones.

The normal level of creatinine in the blood of domestic cats is 40-130 µmol/liter. This indicator, among other things, may depend on the sex of the animal and the development of its muscle mass.